پرش به محتوا

علم

لینکون ِدچی‌ین
ویکی‌پدیا، آزادِ دانشنومه، جه

علم اتا سیستم هسته که دانش ره ساجنه و تنظیم کنده و وه ره آزمایش‌پذیر ات‌جور بار یارنه که طبیعت و جامعه ره توضیح هادن.[۱]: 49–71 [۲] وه علمی روش جه پیش شونه که اینتی مراحل دارنه: اتا تجربی چرخه که معمولاً مشاهده، فرضیه بساتن، شواهد ره آزمایش هاکردن و نتیجه بئیتن. علم، این مراحل و ونه بساته دانشِ مجموعه ره گنّه که علمی جامعه وه ره دائماً چالش کشنه، تأیید کانّه و مرتب کانّه.

أمروزی علم معمولاً دِتا - یا سه‌تا - مهمِ شاخه دله رَسِد وونه[۳]: طبیعی علمون، که فیزیکی دنیا ره مطالعه کانّه، و إجتٮماعی علمون، که آدمون و جوامع ره مطالعه کانّه.[۴][۵] صوری علوم که منطق، ریاضیات و کامپیوترِ تئوریِ علم مطالعه واری ره گانّه، معمولاً سٮوا حٮساب وونّه چون علمی روش جه نینه، بلکه قیاسی إستٮدلال جه کار کانّه.[۶][۷][۸][۹] درحالی که کاربردی علوم اونان رشته‌ئون هستنه که علمی دانش ره عملی مقاصد وسّه کار زنّه، مهندسی و پزشکی دسوری.[۱۰][۱۱][۱۲]

علمِ تاریخ، خله ثبت‌بیی سابقه دارنه و أمروزی علمِ اولین بشناسی‌بیی پیشینه‌ئون پیش از میلاد ۳۰۰۰ تا ۱۲۰۰ جه رسنه که مصر و میان‌رودانِ برنز دوره جه هستنه. وشونِ ریاضیات، إساره‌شناسی و پزشکی، یونانِ طبیعی فلسفه‌یِ کومک جه پئی‌ته قرون وسطایی دله، علم ره شکل هادانه. دمبال‌ته هٮندی-عربی عددونِ سیستم هم هندی و اسلامی طلایی دوره راه دکته.[۱۳]: 12 [۱۴]: 1–26 [۱۵][۱۶][۱۳]: 163–192 

رنسانس گدر یونانی و إسلامی بنویشته‌ئون غربی اروپا دله دِباره رُش کتنه و طبیعی فلسفه زنده بیّه.[۱۳]: 193–224, 225–253 [۱۷] دمبال‌ته شونزدهمین قرن میلادی جه شروع‌بیی علمی انقلاب همه‌تا ره عوض هاکرده[۱۸][۱۳]: 357–368 [۱۴]: 274–322 . نوزدهمین قرن دله علم ونه أمروزی سازمان و حرفه‌ای شکل ره بَییته.[۱۹][۲۰][۲۱]

علم و تازه دانش، دنیایِ چک‌پرسی و مشکلات حل هاکردنِ بخاستی و آدمونِ تحقیق جه پیش شونه.[۲۲][۲۳] أمروزی علمی تحقیقات ویشته هم‌بازی و دانشگاهی و تحقیقاتی مؤسسه‌ئون، دولتی سازمانون و شرکتون دله پیش شونه و چن نفر تیمی وه ره انجام دنّه.[۲۴][۱۳]: 163–192 [۲۵] بااین‌چنین، خله مهم پیشرفتون - مخصوصاً بنیادی علوم دله - اتا آدم تک‌تینار جه بمونه و نوبل جایزه دسوری، گت بین‌المللی جایزه‌ئون جه بشناسی‌یه‌بیینه. علمی کارِ عملی نتیجه‌ئون، علمی سیاستون راست هاکرده که تجاری محصولاتِ مسئولانه توسعه، بهداشت، عمومی زیرساخت، محیط زیستِ حفاظت و دفاعی تواناییون ره اولویت هادانه.

منابع

[دچی‌ین]
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  2. ↑ Heilbron, J. L.; et al. (2003). "Preface". The Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. vii–x. ISBN 978-0-19-511229-0. ...modern science is a discovery as well as an invention. It was a discovery that nature generally acts regularly enough to be described by laws and even by mathematics; and required invention to devise the techniques, abstractions, apparatus, and organization for exhibiting the regularities and securing their law-like descriptions.
  3. ↑ Cohen, Eliel (2021). "The boundary lens: theorising academic activity". The University and its Boundaries: Thriving or Surviving in the 21st Century. New York: Routledge. pp. 14–41. ISBN 978-0-367-56298-4. Archived from the original on 5 May 2021. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
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  6. ↑ Bishop, Alan (1991). "Environmental activities and mathematical culture". Mathematical Enculturation: A Cultural Perspective on Mathematics Education. Norwell, MA: Kluwer. pp. 20–59. ISBN 978-0-7923-1270-3. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
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  8. ↑ Fetzer, James H. (2013). "Computer reliability and public policy: Limits of knowledge of computer-based systems". Computers and Cognition: Why Minds are not Machines. Newcastle, United Kingdom: Kluwer. pp. 271–308. ISBN 978-1-4438-1946-6.
  9. ↑ Nickles, Thomas (2013). "The Problem of Demarcation". Philosophy of Pseudoscience: Reconsidering the Demarcation Problem. The University of Chicago Press. p. 104.
  10. ↑ Fischer, M. R.; Fabry, G (2014). "Thinking and acting scientifically: Indispensable basis of medical education". GMS Zeitschrift für Medizinische Ausbildung. 31 (2): Doc24. doi:10.3205/zma000916. PMC 4027809. PMID 24872859.
  11. ↑ Sinclair, Marius (1993). "On the Differences between the Engineering and Scientific Methods". The International Journal of Engineering Education. Archived from the original on 15 November 2017. Retrieved 7 September 2018.
  12. ↑ Bunge, M. (1966). "Technology as Applied Science". In Rapp, F. (ed.). Contributions to a Philosophy of Technology. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 19–39. doi:10.1007/978-94-010-2182-1_2. ISBN 978-94-010-2184-5. S2CID 110332727.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 Lindberg, David C. (2007). The beginnings of Western science: the European Scientific tradition in philosophical, religious, and institutional context (2nd ed.). University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-48205-7.
  14. 1 2 Grant, Edward (2007). A History of Natural Philosophy: From the Ancient World to the Nineteenth Century. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-68957-1.
  15. ↑ Building Bridges Among the BRICs بایگانی‌شده در ۱۸ آوریل ۲۰۲۳ توسط Wayback Machine, p. 125, Robert Crane, Springer, 2014
  16. ↑ Keay, John (2000). India: A history. Atlantic Monthly Press. p. 132. ISBN 978-0-87113-800-2. The great era of all that is deemed classical in Indian literature, art and science was now dawning. It was this crescendo of creativity and scholarship, as much as ... political achievements of the Guptas, which would make their age so golden.
  17. ↑ Sease, Virginia; Schmidt-Brabant, Manfrid. Thinkers, Saints, Heretics: Spiritual Paths of the Middle Ages. 2007. Pages 80–81 بایگانی‌شده در ۲۷ آگوست ۲۰۲۴ توسط Wayback Machine. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
  18. ↑ Principe, Lawrence M. (2011). "Introduction". Scientific Revolution: A Very Short Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 1–3. ISBN 978-0-19-956741-6.
  19. ↑ Cahan, David, ed. (2003). From Natural Philosophy to the Sciences: Writing the History of Nineteenth-Century Science. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-08928-7.
  20. ↑ Lightman, Bernard (2011). "13. Science and the Public". In Shank, Michael; Numbers, Ronald; Harrison, Peter (eds.). Wrestling with Nature: From Omens to Science. University of Chicago Press. p. 367. ISBN 978-0-226-31783-0.
  21. ↑ Harrison, Peter (2015). The Territories of Science and Religion. University of Chicago Press. pp. 164–165. ISBN 978-0-226-18451-7. The changing character of those engaged in scientific endeavors was matched by a new nomenclature for their endeavors. The most conspicuous marker of this change was the replacement of "natural philosophy" by "natural science". In 1800 few had spoken of the "natural sciences" but by 1880 this expression had overtaken the traditional label "natural philosophy". The persistence of "natural philosophy" in the twentieth century is owing largely to historical references to a past practice (see figure 11). As should now be apparent, this was not simply the substitution of one term by another, but involved the jettisoning of a range of personal qualities relating to the conduct of philosophy and the living of the philosophical life.
  22. ↑ MacRitchie, Finlay (2011). "Introduction". Scientific Research as a Career. New York: Routledge. pp. 1–6. ISBN 978-1-4398-6965-9. Archived from the original on 5 May 2021. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
  23. ↑ Marder, Michael P. (2011). "Curiosity and research". Research Methods for Science. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–17. ISBN 978-0-521-14584-8. Archived from the original on 5 May 2021. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
  24. ↑ de Ridder, Jeroen (2020). "How many scientists does it take to have knowledge?". In McCain, Kevin; Kampourakis, Kostas (eds.). What is Scientific Knowledge? An Introduction to Contemporary Epistemology of Science. New York: Routledge. pp. 3–17. ISBN 978-1-138-57016-0. Archived from the original on 5 May 2021. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
  25. ↑ Szycher, Michael (2016). "Establishing your dream team". Commercialization Secrets for Scientists and Engineers. New York: Routledge. pp. 159–176. ISBN 978-1-138-40741-1. Archived from the original on 18 August 2021. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
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